- Gains and losses for women later WWII
- The struggle for equal pay
- Migrant workers in the UK labour market: 1946-1970
Gains and losses for women later WWII
The gains fabricated during the Second World State of war proved transitory every bit women were demobilised from 'men'south work' to make way for the returning servicemen, as had happened post-obit the Offset World War. However, unlike the 1920s, the late 1940s and 50s were periods of sustained economic growth. The mail-war reconstruction effort made the need for an expanded labour force urgent. In the tardily 1940s, the authorities launched campaigns to encourage women to enter or stay in the labour market, and encouraged the migration of workers from (former) British colonies to fill the labour shortages.
The welfare state created many task opportunities in what was seen as 'women'due south work'. Jobs were available in the the newly created National Health Service for nurses, midwives, cleaners and clerical staff. Banking, textile and light industries such as electronics also expanded during this menses and provided women with opportunities in clerical, secretarial and assembly work. Jobs were still strictly segregated by gender and routine repetitive work was categorised every bit women's work for women's (lower) wages.
The proportion of women in the labour force as a percentage of women of working age (fifteen-64) increased from 45.9% in 1955 to 51% in 1965. Despite this increase in the charge per unit of women'southward employment, women were nonetheless considered to exist 'secondary workers'. Women's wages were not considered fundamental to families' income, instead it was thought that women'south wages were for 'extras' such equally holidays or new consumer durables. Mothers of young children were once more discouraged from working and most of the country funded nurseries ready up during the WWII were closed by the postal service-state of war Labour government. Welfare payments for families were based on the assumption that a man'south income supported his wife and children who were his dependants (the 'family wage'). The benefit rates for married women were set up at a lower level than those for married men.
In the early 50s, many employers withal operated a 'Spousal relationship bar', whereby married women were barred from certain occupations similar education and clerical jobs (only not lower paid jobs) and those working were sacked upon marriage. Just throughout the 1950s and 60s it became more common for married women to work for wages - at to the lowest degree function-time. By the 1960, 38% of married women worked but women were routinely sacked when they got pregnant and continued to be paid less than men even if they did the aforementioned jobs.
Discuss
Discuss
Watch these 2 pic clips
Adult female's Place is in the Home?.html and Advertisements in the 1950s.html
- Hash out the role of propaganda in reinforcing gender stereotypes in these films.
- Compare this to the propaganda produced to recruit women to the workplace during WWI.
- Has the message changed?
- Why do you think the message changed relating to the roles women could play in lodge after the soldiers returned from WWII?
- Practise gender stereotypes nevertheless exist in the media today? Retrieve of examples.
- Practise you call back at that place is all the same a perception that there are 'men's jobs' and 'women'south jobs'? If so, give some examples of such jobs.
- Practise y'all agree or disagree with the perception that men and women should do different types of jobs? Explain your reasons.
The struggle for equal pay
Women workers connected to campaign for equal pay through the 1950s. Women teachers and some ceremonious servants were the starting time to win equal pay in 1961 and 62 respectively. Nevertheless, these early on victories merely practical where women and men were employed in exactly the same jobs. However, most women workers in the public sector had jobs which were gender segregated and where no men were employed in roles such as secretaries, cleaners and typists. Women in these workplaces remained excluded from any of the ongoing debates about equal pay, as did women who worked in the private sector.
Women's trade marriage membership increased through the 1950s and the 60s. In 1946, some 1.6 million women workers were unionised (24% of all women workers) and by 1969 this had risen to 2.five meg (29% of all women workers) (Undy, 2012). Even so, during this period merchandise unions continued to exist led by white men who did not ever prioritise the demands of their women and not-white members.
1968 was a significant twelvemonth in the struggle for equal pay. Women sewing machinists who sewed machine seat covers at the Ford car manufactory in Dagenham went on strike. They were angry because their jobs had been re-graded as unskilled, which resulted in them being paid 13% less than the male person assembly workers. The women argued that their chore required the same level of skill as the men'due south jobs. The strikers had to overcome the initial reluctance of male workers and the trade marriage to back up their cause. Eventually, the women accustomed an increment which took their pay to 92% of the men'south pay. This was followed past other strikes over equal pay across the country and to renewed trade marriage support and campaigning on this consequence. These campaigns led to the passage of the Equal Pay Act (1970), which applied to the public and private sectors where men and women were engaged in the same or broadly similar work.
Explain
Explicate
Later reading the case study 'Ford Strike at Dagenham' Imagine you lot are one of the women who took part in the Ford Motor Company strike in Dagenham in 1968.
Respond the following questions well-nigh the strike:
- Why are you hitting?
- What are your demands?
- Practice you have a bulletin for people who remember women should not be in the workplace or get equal pay to men?
This strike led to the passage of the Equal Pay Act (1970), which applied to the public and private sectors where men and women were engaged in the same or broadly similar work.
At present imagine you are dorsum at work at Ford and information technology is 1971. Consummate this activity by answering the following questions:
- Were your demands met?
- Do you have a message for women who are underpaid and undervalued in the workplace and unsure almost striking?
Migrant workers in the U.k. labour market: 1946-1970
From the 1950s onwards, due to the labour shortages following WWII, the U.k. government encouraged the immigration of migrant workers to rebuild Britain and service the newly created NHS. While more men than women migrated in the before years, from the late 1960s, there were significant numbers of women who migrated to join their families settled in the Uk. Many of these women worked in the health service but, similar women from all ethnic backgrounds, were more than probable than men to be engaged in repetitive jobs which were poorly paid and had trivial prospect of promotion.
Even where migrant women were educated in English and held professional qualifications, they plant that simply depression-paid, unskilled jobs were open to them. In those days, there were occasions when trade unions colluded with the direction to maintain differential wages between men and women, and between white and non-white workers. In 1963, Bristol Passenger vehicle Company, supported past the local Ship and General Workers Union (TGWU) branch, refused to employ blackness or Asian bus crews. At this, the local blackness communities boycotted bus services for four months until the company backed downwardly and overturned the 'colour bar'. Similarly, a strike by blackness workers took place at Courtauld's Red Scar Manufactory, Preston, when the management forced Asian workers to piece of work more machines for less pay, with the collusion of white workers and their wedlock. Such attitudes by trade unions of the 24-hour interval meant that migrant women workers were disadvantaged in the labour market place both because they were women and too considering they were immigrants.
Examine
Examine
- Why did the UK government encourage the clearing of migrant workers after WWII?
- Were these workers welcomed past the residents of the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland? Draw upon testify in back up of your answer.
- What activeness did these migrant workers take in response to the conditions they experienced in some factories?
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